Radiation damage - Revision history

KevinYager: /* See Also */

2019-06-17T17:16:58Z

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KevinYager: /* See Also */

2016-07-26T18:39:53Z

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KevinYager: /* See Also */

2016-05-06T20:08:47Z

‎See Also

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2016-03-14T02:38:30Z

‎Practical

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2016-03-14T02:33:32Z

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2016-02-22T14:53:50Z

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KevinYager: /* Practical */

2015-07-25T13:45:17Z

‎Practical

KevinYager at 16:40, 27 January 2015

2015-01-27T16:40:23Z

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2015-01-27T16:39:31Z

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KevinYager: /* Practical */

2015-01-27T16:38:47Z

‎Practical

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 17 June 2019
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	* Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]		* Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]
	* J. B. Hopkins and R. E. Thorne [http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S1600576716005136 Quantifying radiation damage in biomolecular small-angle X-ray scattering] ''J. Appl. Cryst.'' '''2016''', 49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716005136 doi: 10.1107/S1600576716005136]		* J. B. Hopkins and R. E. Thorne [http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S1600576716005136 Quantifying radiation damage in biomolecular small-angle X-ray scattering] ''J. Appl. Cryst.'' '''2016''', 49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716005136 doi: 10.1107/S1600576716005136]
		+	* [http://journals.iucr.org/m/issues/2019/04/00/lq5022/index.html Radiation damage in small-molecule crystallography: fact not fiction] ''IUCrJ'' '''2019''' [https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252519006948 doi: 10.1107/S2052252519006948]

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 * Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]
 * Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]
-* J. B. Hopkins and R. E. Thorne [Quantifying radiation damage in biomolecular small-angle X-ray scattering] ''J. Appl. Cryst.'' '''2016''', 49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716005136 doi: 10.1107/S1600576716005136]
+* J. B. Hopkins and R. E. Thorne [http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S1600576716005136 Quantifying radiation damage in biomolecular small-angle X-ray scattering] ''J. Appl. Cryst.'' '''2016''', 49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716005136 doi: 10.1107/S1600576716005136]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:08, 6 May 2016
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	* Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]		* Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]
	* Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]		* Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]
		+	* J. B. Hopkins and R. E. Thorne [Quantifying radiation damage in biomolecular small-angle X-ray scattering] ''J. Appl. Cryst.'' '''2016''', 49. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716005136 doi: 10.1107/S1600576716005136]

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 In practice, one can attempt to assess sample damage by measuring a spot repeatedly, and observing what exposure timescale is required to begin altering the [[scattering]] pattern. For many [[biological|BioSAXS]] and soft-matter samples, one can measure the average particle size using a [[Guiner plot|Guinier analysis]]; beam damage causes aggregation and a measurable increase in <math>\scriptstyle R_g </math>.
-For a 'typical' synchrotron beam (a ~100 micron beam with ~10<sup>12</sup> photons at ~13 keV), hard-matter systems are very robust against beam damage (long exposures no problem), while soft-matter materials will exhibit damage on a timescale of seconds to a few minutes. Ambient oxygen and/or water may accelerate damage (thus, measurements under vacuum may mitigate some kinds of beam damage). Samples containing solvent (residual solvent, swollen with vapor, immersed in bulk solvent) are typically much more sensitive (and will exhibit damage after 1-30 s exposure). Cryo-cooling of the sample (e.g. with liquid nitrogen) can be used to minimize beam damage.
+For a 'typical' synchrotron beam (a ~100 micron beam with ~10<sup>12</sup> photons at ~13 keV), hard-matter systems are very robust against beam damage (long exposures no problem), while soft-matter materials will exhibit damage on a timescale of seconds to a few minutes. Higher-flux sources of course generate damage more quickly (sub-second). Ambient oxygen and/or water may accelerate damage (thus, measurements under vacuum may mitigate some kinds of beam damage). Samples containing solvent (residual solvent, swollen with vapor, immersed in bulk solvent) are typically much more sensitive (and will exhibit damage after 1-30 s exposure). Cryo-cooling of the sample (e.g. with liquid nitrogen) can be used to minimize beam damage.
 ==See Also==

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 * T. Coffey, S.G Urquhart, H Ade [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0368204801003425 Characterization of the effects of soft X-ray irradiation on polymers] ''J. Electron Spectroscopy'' '''2002''', 122, 65–78. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-2048(01)00342-5 doi: 10.1016/S0368-2048(01)00342-5]
 * Wim Bras [http://indico.ictp.it/event/a11182/session/55/contribution/33/material/0/0.pdf Some unexpected X-ray interactisons with matter]
 * Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]
 * Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 22 February 2016
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	* Wim Bras [http://indico.ictp.it/event/a11182/session/55/contribution/33/material/0/0.pdf Some unexpected X-ray interactisons with matter]		* Wim Bras [http://indico.ictp.it/event/a11182/session/55/contribution/33/material/0/0.pdf Some unexpected X-ray interactisons with matter]
	* Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]		* Halina B. Stanley, Dipanjan Banerjee, Lambert van Breemen, Jim Ciston, Christian H. Liebscher, Vladimir Martis, Daniel Hermida Merino, Alessandro Longo, Philip Pattison, Gerrit W. M. Peters, Giuseppe Portale, Sabyasachi Send and Wim Bras [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/CE/C4CE00937A#!divAbstract X-ray irradiation induced reduction and nanoclustering of lead in borosilicate glass] ''CrystEngComm'' '''2014''', 16, 9331-9339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce00937a doi: 10.1039/c4ce00937a]
		+	* Saeed Ahmadi Vaselabadi, David Shakarisaz, Paul Ruchhoeft, Joseph Strzalka and Gila E. Stein [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/polb.24006/full Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing-incidence X-ray scattering measurements] ''Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics'' '''2016'''. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24006 doi: 10.1002/polb.24006]

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 ==Practical==
-In practice, one can attempt to assess sample damage by measuring a spot repeatedly, and observing what exposure timescale is required to begin altering the [[scattering]] pattern. For a 'typical' synchrotron beam (a ~100 micron beam with ~10<sup>12</sup> photons at ~13 keV), hard-matter systems are very robust against beam damage, while soft-matter materials will exhibit damage on a timescale of 10 seconds to a few minutes. Ambient oxygen and/or water may accelerate damage (thus, measurements under vacuum may mitigate some kinds of beam damage). Samples containing solvent (residual solvent, swollen with vapor, immersed in bulk solvent) are typically much more sensitive (and will exhibit damage after 1-30 s exposure). Cryo-cooling of the sample (e.g. with liquid nitrogen) can be used to minimize beam damage.
+In practice, one can attempt to assess sample damage by measuring a spot repeatedly, and observing what exposure timescale is required to begin altering the [[scattering]] pattern. For many [[biological|BioSAXS]] and soft-matter samples, one can measure the average particle size using a [[Guiner plot|Guinier analysis]]; beam damage causes aggregation and a measurable increase in <math>\scriptstyle R_g </math>.
 ==See Also==

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 The overall mechanism of beam damage is complex, stochastic, and likely involves multiple pathways. It is thus not entirely understood. Damage may occur through [[absorption]], with secondary bond-breaking, radical formation, and/or heating causing local damage. It is also possible that damage occurs through generation of secondary photons or photo-electrons.
-To a first approximation, damage is expected to only occur within the beam footprint. On the other hand, it may be that x-rays become scattered far from the beam footprint, leading to damage in other areas. With respect to [[x-ray energy]], there is a tradeoff: higher-energy x-rays are more damaging per photon, yet they are generally more penetrating (they interact weakly, and are not strongly absorbed). As such, lower-energy x-rays are likely to cause more sample damage. X-ray energies near an [[absorption]] edge would be expected to be especially dangerous.
+To a first approximation, damage is expected to only occur within the beam footprint. On the other hand, it may be that x-rays become scattered far from the beam footprint, leading to damage in other areas. With respect to [[x-ray energy]], there is a tradeoff: higher-energy x-rays are more damaging per photon, yet they are generally more penetrating (they interact weakly, and are not strongly absorbed). As such, lower-energy x-rays are likely to cause more sample damage. X-ray energies near an [[absorption]] edge would be expected to be especially dangerous (c.f. [[resonant scattering]]).
 ==Practical==